Introduction
An enormous variety of organisms exist including some wich can survive and even develop in the body of people or animals if the organism can cause infection, it is an infectious agents. In this manual infectious agent wich can cause infection and illness are called pathogens. Disease caused by pathogens or the toxins they produce, are communicable or infectious disease in this manual, these will called disease and infection.
The transmission of pathogens from current to future host follows repeating cycles. This cycle can be simple with a direct transmission from current to future host or complex, where transmission occurs through multiple intermediate hosts or vectors.
This cycle is called transmission cycle of disease or transmission cycle.the transmission cycle has different elements.
● The Pathogens:The organism causing the infection
●The host: the infected person or animals carrying the pathogens
●The Exit: the method the pathogen uses to leave the body of the host
●Transmission: how the pathogen is transfered from host to susceptible person or animals wich can include developmental stages in the environment in the intermediate the host or vectors.
DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to another person directly or indirect contacts.
Certain types of viruses,bacteria,parasites and fungi can all cause infectious diseases
Direct contacts
Infectious Disease are Often Spread Through Direct Contacs Including
1.PERSON TO PERSON CONTACT
Transmission occurs when a person with an infectious disease touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else. This can happen before when they are aware of illness.
Sexual transmitted diseases(STDs) or gastrointestinal infections can be transmitted this way.
Pregnant people can also transmit infectious diseases to their unborn fetuses via the placenta. Some STDs, including gonorrhea, can be passed from gestational parent to baby during childbirth.
2. DROBLET SPREAD
The spray of droplets during coughing and sneezing can spread an infectious disease. You can even infect another person through droplets created when you speak. Since droplets fall to the ground within a few feet, this type of transmission requires close proximity.
Indirect contact
Infectious diseases can also be spread indirectly through the air and other mechanisms. For example:
1. Airborne transmission
Some infectious agents can travel long distances and remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time. You can catch a disease like measles by entering a room after someone with measles has departed.
2. Contaminated objects
Some organisms can live on objects for a short time. If you touch an object, such as a doorknob, soon after a person with an infectious disease, you might be exposed to infection. Transmission occurs when you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes before thoroughly washing your hands. Germs can also be spread through blood products and medical supplies containing the virus or bacteria.
3. Food and drinking water
Infectious diseases can be transmitted via food and water containing the virus or bacteria.E. coli is often transmitted through improperly handled produce or undercooked meat. Improperly canned foods can create an environment ripe for Clostridium botulinum, which can lead to botulism.
4. Animal-to-person contact
Some infectious diseases can be transmitted from an animal to a person. This can happen when an animal with an infection bites or scratches you, or when you handle animal waste. The Toxoplasma gondii parasite can be found in cat feces.
5. Animal reservoirs
Animal-to-animal disease transmission can sometimes transfer to humans. Zoonosis occurs when diseases are transferred from animals to people. Zoonotic diseases include:
• anthrax (from sheep)
• rabies (from rodents and other mammals)
• West Nile virus (from birds)
• plague (from rodents)
6. Insect bites (vector-borne disease)
Some zoonotic infectious agents are transmitted by insects, especially those that suck blood. These include mosquitos, fleas, and ticks.
The insects become infected when they feed on infected hosts, such as birds, animals, and humans. The disease is then transmitted when the insect bites a new host.
Malaria, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease are all spread this way.
7. Environmental reservoirs
Soil, water, and vegetation containing infectious organisms can also be transferred to people.Hookworm, for example, is transmitted through infected soil. Legionnaires’ disease is an example of a disease that can be spread by water that supplies cooling towers and evaporative.
PREVENTION OF DISEASE
How to prevent disease transmission
Because infectious diseases can spread through direct or indirect contact, everyone is at risk of illness. You have a higher risk of becoming ill when you’re around sick people or in areas susceptible to germs.
1. Illness
Something as simple as touching a doorknob, elevator button, light switch, or another person’s hand increases the likelihood of coming in contact with germs that can make you sick.
Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly: Use soap and warm water and vigorously rub your hands together for at least 20 seconds. If you can’t wash your hands, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Washing your hands is the gold standard though!
• always wash with soap and water if your hands are visibly soiled
• try to minimize touching your mouth or nose with your hands
• avoid sick people, if possible
• wear disposable gloves to avoid contact with blood and feces
• use disposable gloves when caring for an ill person
• cover your mouth when you sneeze and cough and wash your hands afterward
• teach children not to put their hands or objects in their mouths.
2. Foodborne illness
Dangerous organisms can thrive in improperly prepared food. Avoid cross-contamination by keeping raw meats and produce separate. Use different preparation surfaces for raw meats and wash surfaces and utensils thoroughly. Freeze or refrigerate perishable foods and leftovers promptly.
3. Insects and animals
When camping or enjoying wooded areas, wear long pants and long sleeves. Use insect repellent and mosquito netting. Don’t touch animals in the wild. Don’t touch sick or dead animals.
4. Vaccinations
Stay up to date on vaccinations, especially when traveling. Don’t forget to keep your pet’s vaccinations current, too.
Vaccinations can drastically reduce your risk of becoming ill with some infectious diseases. If you can avoid a particular disease, you can also prevent the spread of the disease. There are different types of vaccinations, such as those to prevent:
• measles • influenza
• mumps • human papillomavirus
(2) CLINICAL CARE OF PATIENT
Enable access to care
To enhance the care of patient populations across regions, ethnicities, and social classes, medical professionals have transcended the boundaries of the traditional medical environment to address the social determinants of health.
To do so, care team members must know a patient’s medical history and implement patient care technology that helps prevent errors and encourages care plan compliance.
Platforms designed for patient care automate this function — they even send thank-you and welcome messages to new patients after they’ve booked an appointment. Care Management software will enable you to seamlessly manage patient care compassionately while meeting the needs of each individual patient and each patient’s family members who may be assisting with decision-making and care plan implementation.
(3) HEALTH SECTOR AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
The Primary Health Care Development Project aims to improve the coverage and utilization of quality primary health care (PHC) based on the model of family medicine/general practice, with an emphasis on reaching the poor and disadvantages.
the PHC service delivery component will support a two-phased development of PHC services in urban and rural areas through rehabilitation of facilities and provision of basic medical and office equipment. It will establish PHC clinics and referral laboratories.
HEALTH SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE
The Healthcare and Public Health Sector protects all sectors of the economy from hazards such as terrorism, infectious disease outbreaks, and natural disasters. Because the vast majority of the sector's assets are privately owned and operated, collaboration and information sharing between the public and private sectors is essential to increasing resilience of the nation's Healthcare and Public Health critical infrastructure.
CONCLUSION
While healthcare tends to be delivered and managed locally, the public health component of the sector, focused primarily on population health, is managed across all levels of government: national, state, regional, local, tribal, and territorial.
The Healthcare and Public Health Sector is highly dependent on fellow sectors for continuity of operations and service delivery, including Communications, Emergency Services, Energy, Food and Agriculture, Information Technology, Transportation Systems, and Water and Wastewater.
Comments
Post a Comment