Major Non communicable disease
Cardio-vascular diseases (CVDs),
Diabetes,
Cancer and Chronic respiratory diseases
Globally, Every 2 seconds someone aged 30 to 70 years dies prematurely from NCDs
In Ethiopia, NCDs are an emerging health problem accounting for 39% of deaths (WHO 2018)
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Global NCD burden
Communicable, maternal, perinatal & nutritional conditions
injuries
CVDs
Other NCDs
Diabetes
Cancers
NCD Burden in Ethiopia: WHO Estimates
Risk factors of NCDs
Behavioral risk factors: Tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful use of alcohol
Metabolic/physiological risk factors: Raised blood pressure, overweight/obesity, high blood glucose level, and hyperlipidemia
Biological risk factors: actually the result of those behavioral risk factors
Infectious causes: Hepatitis B & C, HPV, HIV, Helicobacter pylori, Schistosomiasis, and the Liver Fluke are prevalent in developing countries
Why focus on NCDs in AYH?
The 70% of premature deaths in adults are associated with AY behaviors
Adolescence and youth is a time to adopt risk and protective behavior like
physical inactivity,
unhealthy diet,
tobacco use and
harmful use of alcohol
Global burden of cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the 2rd most common cancer in women
In 2020, an estimated 604 000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 342 000 women died from the disease. Cervical cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in 23 countries and is the leading cause of cancer death in 36 countries (sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, South America, and South-Eastern Asia) Nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries.
National burden of cervical cancer
In Ethiopia cervical cancer is the second most frequent form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths among women.
Cervical cancer causes an estimated 7445 new cases and about 5338 deaths every year (Globocan 2020)
Majority of cancer cases (over 80%) are detected at a late stage, predominantly due to lack of information about cervical cancer and lack of prevention services
Risk factors of cervical cancer
Common factors for cancer development in adolescents and youths are Early initiation of sex,
Practicing risky sexual behaviors including multiple sexual partners,
STI including HIV
Smoking
Prevention
Primary prevention: Mainly but not limited to HPV vaccination for girls
Secondary prevention: Screening for and treating precancerous lesions
Tertiary prevention :Focuses on treating advanced cancer stages
The primary prevention interventions for cervical cancer focus on reducing exposure to the modifiable risk factors
Global and national burden of Breast cancer
Globally,
number one leading cause of cancer 2.5 million women were newly diagnosed with breast cancer 685,000 women were died
Nationally
16,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer 9061 women were died (Globocan 2020)
Risk factor for breast cancer
Modifiable risk factors
Lifestyle factors:
Drinking alcohol
Lack of exercise
Diet especially high fat diet
Obesity
Estrogen exposure
Radiation
Non-modifiable risk factors
Age- risk increases above 50
Race
Gender
Individual or family history of breast cancer
Methods of early detection
Breast self-exam (BSE)- monthly
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE) by nurse or doctor
Mammography
Injury during Adolescence and Youth
Injury is any physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or an attack
Injuries are defined as damage to a person caused by an acute transfer of mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, or radiation energy or by the sudden absence of heat or oxygen.
Types of Injury
Unintentional injuries:
No evidence of predetermined intent; include motor vehicle injuries, suffocation, drowning, poisoning, burns, falls, sports
Intentional Injuries :
Inflected purposefully by someone else or oneself such as: Interpersonal violence (homicide, sexual violence), self-harm (e.g. attempted suicide, self-mutilation) and war, civil insurrection
Consequences of Injuries
Physical and/or cognitive limitations due to neuro-trauma Paralysis due to spinal cord trauma
Physical limb deformation or/and Partial or complete amputation Psychological trauma: Depression, post traumatic syndrome Economic crisis Sensory disability such as blindness and deafness Death.
Preventing injuries and violence
Require the involvement of a range of sectors – addressing underlying
Economic,
Social,
Legal and environmental factors. Setting and enforcing laws on a range of issues
Community (community mobilization ), schools (awareness raising activities, life skill programs ) and health facility-led prevention interventions
Prevention at the health facility
Should lead prevention through various approaches Conduct health education and SBCC activities
Conduct screening of adolescents at risk of injury such as those with mental illness, with disabilities etc.
Provision of appropriate care and support Conduct referral services to the next tier as necessary
Provide pre- hospital and emergency care before referral.
Summary
Cardio-vascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and mental health problems are NCDs worldwide
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease and it prevalent cancer in Ethiopia
Cervical cancer is caused STI, HPV, which is common viral infection
HPV vaccination program is cost-effective in developing countries
Injury is one of the public health problems among adolescents and youth
Unintentional injury specially, road traffic accident are major causes of disability, psychological problem and mortality in AY
The role of the health system in preventing injury among adolescents and youth is to take a lead, advocate and bring the other stakeholder together to act up on
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